`q-X-Im-e-s¯- tXm-ïn-hn-fn-¡p-ó-Xv- a-\p-jy-k-l-P-am-b-
Ip-kr-Xn-bm-Wv.- ]-t£- a-\-Ên-s\- `q-X-Im-e-¯nð- X-f-¨n-S-cp-Xv.-
hÀ-¯-am-\- Im-e-¯n-sâ- Nq-Spw- {]-k-cn-¸p-am-Wv- Po-h-sâ- e-£-Ww.-
Im-ew- I-S-óp-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ- `q-X-Im-ew- ap-gp-h-³ \-ò-bpw-
k-ar-²-hpw- B-bn-cp-só-ópw- hÀ-¯-am-\w- ap-gp-h-³ sX-änð- {Z-hn-¨p--¡pIbm-sW-ópw-
hn-e-]n-¡p-ó-Xv- hmÀ-[-Iy-¯n-sâ- e-£-W-am-Wv.- F-ómð- `q-X-Im-e-{]-iv-\-§-tfm-Sv-
{]-Xn-I-cn-¨-hÀ-¡v- hÀ-¯-am-\-t¯m-Sv- {]-Xn-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ- A-kz-Ø-X-IÄ-
kzm-`m-hn-Iw.- kzm-X-{´y-k-a-c-Im-e-¯v- A-Jn-te-´ym- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-
s^-U-td-j-³ \n-tbm-Kn-¨- k-am-[m-\w- ]-c-ta-iz-c-³]n-Å- _-\m-d-knð-\n-óv-
F-¯p-ó-tXm-sS- tI-c-f-¯nð- kw-L-Sn-X- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-{]-Øm-\-¯n-\v-
cq-]w-sIm-Sp-s¯-¦n-epw- B-[p-\n-I- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-{]-Øm-\w- A-Y-hm-
hn-ZymÀ-Yn-i-àn- F-ó- kw-Ú- ]m-I-am-Ip-ó-Xv- hn-tam-N-\- k-a-c-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv.-
B- k-a-cw- tI-c-f- kv-äp-U-âv-kv- bq-Wn-b-sâ- ]n-d-hn-bnð- sN-óp-\n-óp.-
F-ómð- A-Jn-te-´ym- hn-ZymÀ-Yn- s^-U-td-j-sâ- ]m-c-¼-cyw-
DÄ-s¡m-ïv- tI-c-f- kv-äp-U-âv-kv- s^-U-td-j-\v- cq-]w- \ð-In-b-tXm-sS-
a-e-bm-f-¡-c-bn-se- hn-ZymÀ-Yn{]-Øm-\-¯n-\v- ]p-Xp-am-\w- ssI-h-óp.-
2006se- I-em-e-b-cm-{ão-b- \n-tcm-[-\-¯n-\p- ap-tó-X-só- Cu- B-h-iy-hp-am-bn--
Nn-e- kw-L-Sn-X- i-àn-IÄ- tI-c-f-¯nð- X-e-s]m-¡m-³ Xp-S-§n.- B-tKm-f-hð-¡-c-W-¯n-sâ-
C-´y-³ km-l-N-cyw-Iq-Sn- H-¯p-tNÀ-ó-t¸mÄ- I-em-e-b- cm-{ão-bw-
am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-I-fp-sS- C-ãw- A-Y-hm- X-ón-ã-{]-Im-cw- G-Xv-
Iym-¼-kn-epw- \n-tcm-[n-¡m-sa-óv- tIm-S-Xn- hn-[n-¨p.-
Cu- Im-e-¯n-\p-Ånð- ]-T-\-Im-cy-§-fn-epw- Nn-e- am-ä-§-fp-ïm-bn.-
Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cw- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-än- tIm-tf-Pnð- {]o-Un-{Kn-
hn-`-Pn-¨p-am-äm-³ Iym-¼-kn-\-Sp-¯v- Ø-ew- hm-§n- sI-«n-Sw- ]-Wn-sX-¦n-epw-
F-kv-F-^v-sF- k-a-c-¯n-\p-ap-ónð- Xo-cp-am-\w- am-tä-ïn-h-óp.-
F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- a-lm-cm-Pm-kv- tIm-tf-Pv- Im-¡-\m-t«-¡v- am-äm-\p-Å-
bp-Un-F-^v- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ- Xo-cp-am-\-hpw- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-k-a-c-¯nð- hn-^-e-am-bn.-
F-¦n-epw- l-bÀ- sk-¡³-U-dn-bm-bn- tI-c-fw- ap-gp-h-³ a-säm-cp-
X-c-¯n-ep-Å- hn-`-P-\w- C-sóm-cp- k-Xy-am-Wv.- a-säm-óv- ]m-Ty-]-²-Xn-bnð-
h-cp-¯n-b- hy-Xym-k-am-Wv.- hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-sâ- Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-bÀ-¯m-³
C-tâ-Wð- sk-a-kv-äÀ- k-{¼-Zm-bw- tI-c-f-¯n-se-
Iym-¼-kp-I-fn-e-h-X-cn-¨-Xpw- C-¡m-e-¯m-Wv.- Iym-¼-kp-I-fnð-
sa-¯-tUm-f-Pn-¡v- {]m-[m-\yw- \ð-Ip-t¼mÄ- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-¡v-
Iq-Sp-Xð- kzm-X-{´yw- In-t«-ï-Xm-Wv.- A-Xv- X-S-Ê-s¸-«v-
In-S-¡p-ó- Im-cyw- \mw- C-\n-sb-¦n-epw-
Xn-cn-¨-dn-tb-ïn-bn-cn-¡p-óp.- D-Å-S-¡-hpw- ]-T-\-k-{¼-Zm-b-hpw-
P-\m-[n-]-Xy- A-´-co-£-¯nð- H-cp-an-¨p-t]m-bm-se- hn-Zym-`ym-kw-
AÀ-Y-]qÀ-W-am-Iq.- A-[ym-]-I-³ hn-ZymÀ-Yn-sb- \n-c-´-cw- aq-ey-\nÀ-W-bw-
\-S-¯p-t¼mÄ- hÀ-j-¯n-sem-cn-¡-se-¦n-epw- A-[ym-]-Icp-sS-bpw-
am-t\-Pv-sa-ânsâ-bpw- aq-eyw- -\nÀ-W-bn-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-
hn-ZymÀ-Yn-¡n-ñ.- ]n-só- Iym-¼-kv- F-§-s\bm-Wv-- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hð-¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-I?-
t]m-b-Im-e-¯v- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-{]-Øm-\w- \-S-¯n-b-Xv- A-h-Im-i-k-a-c-§-fm-bn-cp-óp.-
A-Xv- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-i-àn-sb-ó- kw-Ú-bnð- sIm-sï-¯n-¨p.- A-{]-Im-cw-
t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¯-Xm-Wv- _-kv- I-¬-k-j-³,- ^o-kv- G-Io-I-c-Ww,- tIm-tf-Pv-
bq-Wn-b-³ sX-c-sª-Sp-¸p-IÄ,- hn-ZymÀ-Yn- bq-Wn-b-\p-IÄ-þA-§-s\-
]-e-Xpw.- F-gp-]-Xp-I-fnð- tIm-tf-Pp-I-fp-sS- kÀ-Km-ß-I-X-bm-bn- am-dn-b-
F-kv-F-^v-sF-bp-sS- t\À-¡p-Å- B-{I-a-W-am-Wv- \mw -I-ï-Xv.-
sI-F-kv-bp- am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-I-tfm-Sv- Að-]-k-a-b-§-fnð- ]n-W-§n-sb-¦n-epw-
G-dn-b- k-a-b-hpw- c-Rv-Pn-¸n-em-bn-cp-óp.- hn-tam-N-\- k-a-c-¯n-se-
Pm-Xn-a-X- i-àn-IÄ- cq-]w-sIm-Sp-¯- hn-ZymÀ-Yn- {]-Øm-\-am-bn-cp-óp-
sI-F-kv-bp.- F-kv-F-^v-sF-sb- F-ópw- am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-IÄ- \-J-in-Jm-´w-
F-XnÀ-¯n-t«-bp-Åq.- F-¬-]-Xp-I-fnð- sI-F-kv-bp-hn-s\- ZpÀ-_-e-am-¡n-
tI-c-f-¯n-se- G-ä-hpw- h-en-b- hn-ZymÀ-Yn- kw-L-S-\-bm-bn- F-kv-F-^v-sF-
am-dn.- Cu- Im-e-L-«-¯n-em-Wv- I-em-e-b- cm-{ão-b- \n-tcm-[-\w- F-ó-
B-i-bw- k-aq-l-¯nð- {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sm-³ Xp-S-§n-b-Xv.-
hn-Zym-`ym-kw- -I-¨-h-S-¨-c-¡m-bn- am-dn-b-Xv- B-tKm-f-hð-¡-c-W-¯n-sâ-
I-S-óp-h-c-thm-sS-bm-Wv.- A-Xv- am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-I-sf- A-Xy-[n-Iw- BËm-Zn-¸n-¨p.-
C-Xn-\n-S-bn-ep-ïm-b- D-®n-¡r-jv-W-³ tI-kv- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-k-aq-l-¯n-\v-
A-\p-Iq-e-am-sb-¦n-epw- Sn-Fw-F- ss]- tI-kv,- C-Ém-an-Iv- A-¡m-Z-an--
tI-kv- C-h-bv-¡v-ti-jw- C-\mw-ZmÀ- tI-kn-se-¯p-t¼mÄ-
hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-K-¯v- ]-Ww- ap-S-¡p-ó-h-\v- C-ãw-t]m-se- I-¨-h-Sw-
\-S-¯m-sa-óm-bn.- 93-þmw- `-c-W-L-S-\m- t`-Z-K-Xn-tbm-sS-
tIm-S-Xn-IÄ-¡v- \yq-\-]-£- kw-c-£-Ww- F-ó- hn-Zym-`ym-k-I-¨-h-Sw-
hym-Jym-\n-¨v- D-d-¸m-¡m-³ I-gn-bp-ó- A-h-Ø-bm-bn.-
1970I-fpw- 80I-fpw- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-IÄ- X-½n-ep-Å- kw-L-«-\-am-bn-cp-óp-
ap-Jy-sa-¦nð- 90I-fp-sS- ]-Ip-Xn-bnð- {]-tXy-In-¨v- 2000¯nð-
am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-I-fp-am-bp-Å- G-äp-ap-«-em-bn.- am-t\-Pv-sa-ân-sâ-
]-cm-Xn- I-em-e-b-¯n-sâ- A-¨-S-¡w- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-IÄ- Im-¯p-kq-£n-¡p-ón-ñ-
F-ó-Xm-Wv.- 1970þ-75 Im-e-L-«-¯nð- Rm-³ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- sk-âv-
Bð-_À-Sv-kv- tIm-tf-Pnð- ]-Tn-¡p-t¼mÄ- tIm-tf-Pv- I-e-ï-dnð-
"-I-ayq-Wn-kv-äv- B-i-b-§Ä- {]-N-cn-¸n-¡m-³ ]m-Sn-sñ-ó-'-
h-Ip-¸v- F-gp-Xn-t¨À-¯n-cp-óp.- C-S-Xp-]-£- hn-ZymÀ-Yn- kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS-
kw-bp-à-k-a-cw-sIm-ïm-Wv- I-e-ï-dnð-\n-óv- C-Xv- \o-¡w-sN-¿m-³
I-gn-ª-Xv.- A-óv- tIm-tf-Pnð- Un-ä-\-³kv- k-{¼-Zm-bw- D-ïm-bn-cp-óp.-
C-Xp-]-tbm-Kn-¨- \n-c-h-[n- Ip-«n-I-fp-sS- hn-Zym-`ym-kw-
ap-S-¡n-bn-«p-ïv.- C-ó-s¯- am-t\-Pv-sa-âv- A-¨-S-¡w- F-óp-hn-fn-¡p-ó-Xv-
C-¯-cw- I-cn-\n-b-a-§-sf- Iym-¼-knð- ]p-\-cp-Öo-hn-¸n-¡m-\m-Wv.-
H-cp- hn-Zym-`ym-k- Øm-]-\w- hn-ZymÀ-Yn,- sI-«n-Sw,- A-[ym-]-I-³
H-¸w- A-Xn-s\- k-lm-bn-¡p-ó- L-S-I-§-fm-b- A-\-[ym-]-I-cpw- am-t\-Pv-sa-âpw-
tNÀ-ó-Xm-Wv.- C-Xnð- B-cm-Wv- ap-Jy-sa-óp- tNm-Zn-¨mð- C-óv-
am-t\-Pv-sa-âv- F-óp-am-{X-ta- D-¯-cw- ]-d-bm-³ I-gn-bq.- ]-Tn-¡m-³
hn-ZymÀ-Yn-bpw- ]-Tn-¸n-¡m-³ A-[ym-]-I-\pw- tNÀ-ómð- H-cp-
hn-Zym-`ym-k-tI-{µw- B-cpw- A-dn-bm-sX- ]n-d-¡pw.- R-§-fp-sS- Im-e-¯v-
Ir-Xy-am-b- lm-PÀ- kw-hn-[m-\w- Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-óp.- kw-L-S-\m- {]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\n-S-bnð-
¢m-knð- I-b-dm-sX- h-ó- \n-c-h-[n- Ip-«n-IÄ- kz-bw-]-Tn-¨v-
]-co-£- F-gp-Xn-bn-«n-tñ.- C-Xnð- ¢m-kpw- dm-¦pw- t\-Sn- P-bn-¨-h-cpw-
\n-c-h-[n.- C-óv- am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-IÄ- F-gp-ó-Ån-¡p-ó-Xv- R-§Ä-¡v-
]-Tn-¸n-¡m-³ DuÀ-Pz-kz-e-cm-b- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-I-sf-b-ñ- B-h-iyw- B-Úm-\p-hÀ-¯n-I-fm-Ip-ó-
a-\p-jy-b-{´-§ s-fbm-sW-óm-Wv.- am-t\-Pv-sa-ân-sâ- {]-[m-\-
I-W-¡p-Iq-«ð- H-cp- hn-Zym-`ym-k- Øm-]-\-¯nð-\n-óv- X-\n-¡v-
F-´p- In-«p-óp- F-óm-Wv.- tI-c-f-¯n-se- F-bv-U-Uv-
tIm-tf-Pp-I-fp-sS- I-Y-sb-Sp-¡p-I.- km-am-\yw- h-en-b- tIm-tf-Pnð-
H-cp- h-Ip-¸nð- ]¯v- A-[ym-]-IÀ- D-sï-¦nð- ]¯v- h-Ip-¸p-Å-
tIm-tf-Pnð- \q-dv- A-[ym-]-I-cm-bn.- i-cm-i-cn- H-cp- A-[ym-]-I-\v- sIm-Sp-¡p-ó-
i-¼-fw- 60,-000 cq-]-sb-¦nð- kÀ-¡m-cn-s\- \n-c-´-cw- No-¯-hn-fn-¡p-ó-
am-t\-Pv-sa-ân-\v- A-[ym-]-IÀ-¡v- am-{X-am-bn- 60,-000,-00 cq-]-
kÀ-¡m-cnð-\n-óv- e-`n-¡p-óp.- A-\-[ym-]-I-cpw- sa-bn-â-\-³kpw-
tNÀ-ómð- am-kw- G-Xm-ïv- H-cp-tIm-Sn-cq-].- C-§-s\- H-cp-hÀ-jw-
]{´ïv- tIm-Sn- cq-]-bm-Wv- hm-§p-ó-Xv.- C-§-s\- hm-§p-ó- am-t\-Pv-sa-âv-
_n-tImw- ¢m-kn-\v- c-ïv- e-£w- cq-]- X-e-h-cn- hm-§p-óp-ïv.- A-Xp-t]m-se-
a-äv- ¢m-kp-I-fn-te-¡v- I-W-¡p-Iq-«n-bmð- F-{X -e-£w- cq-]-bm-Wv-
H-cp- hÀ-jw- hm-§p-ó-Xv.- Cu- k-Xyw- G-sX-¦n-epw- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-
Xn-cn-¨-dn-ªmð- A-h-³ A-\p-k-c-W-t¡-Spw- A-¨-S-¡-an-ñm-¯-h-\p-am-bn-
Xo-cp-ó-Xm-Wv- C-ó-s¯- am-t\-Pv-sa-ân-sâ- Iym-¼-kv.- A-Xn-s\-
kw-L-Sn-X-am-bn- tNm-Zyw-sN-bv-Xmð- Ahsc- {In-an-\-ep-Ifm-bn- {]-Jym-]n-¡pw.-
A-Sp-¯n-sS- am-t\-Pv-sa-ân-s\-Xn-sc- \m-en-S-¯v-
hn-ZymÀ-Yn-k-a-cw- \-S-óp.- tIm-«-bw- kn-Fw-F-kv- tIm-tf-Pn-epw- sXm-Sp-]p-g-
\yq-am-³kv- tIm-tf-Pn-epw- \q-d-\m-Sv- AÀ-¨-\- tIm-tf-Pn-epw- dm-ón-
sk-âv- tXm-a-kv- tIm-tf-Pn-epw.- - AÀ-¨-\m-tIm-tf-Pnð- ¢m-kv-
ap-dn-I-fn-epw- Iym-¼-kn-epw- tjmÀ-Sv-kÀ-Iyq-«v- Iym-a-d-IÄ- L-Sn-¸n-¨-Xn-s\-
tNm-Zyw-sN-bv-X-Xn-\m-Wv- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-I-sf- ]p-d-¯m-¡n-b-Xv.- dm-ón-bn-se-
tIm-tf-Pnð- ]p-d-¯p- \m-«n-b- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- sIm-Sn- A-gn-¸n-¨v-
Hm-^o-kv- ap-dn-bnð- h-¨- {]n-³kn-¸-en-t\m-Sv- {]-Xn-tj-[n-¨-
Ip-«n-IÄ- H-cp- P-\ð-¨n-ñv- s]m-«n-¨p- F-ó- Im-c-W-¯mð-
hn-ZymÀ-Yn-I-sf- ]p-d-¯m-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-óp.- tIm-«-bw- kn-Fw-F-kv-
tIm-tf-Pnð- ]p-d-¯p-\n-óv- a-Zy-]n-¨p-h-ó-h-sc- tNm-Zyw-sN-bv-X- F-kv-F-^v-sF-
t\-Xm-¡-sf-bm-Wv- ]p-d-¯m-¡n-b-Xv.- \m-sf- ]p-d-¯p-\n-óv- B-`m-k-òm-cpw-
R-c-¼p-tcm-Kn-I-fpw- Iym-¼-knð- I-S-óp-h-óv- s]-¬-Ip-«n-I-sf-
am-\-`w-K-s¸-Sp-¯m-³ {i-an-¡p-t¼mÄ- a-äp- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-IÄ-
A-¨-S-¡-t¯m-sS- ¢m-kv-ap-dn-bnð- t\m-¡n-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-ó-tñ-
am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-I-fp-sS- hm-Zw-?- k-am-[m-\-]-c-am-bn- amÀ-¨v-
\-S-¯n-b- F-kv-F-^v-sF- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-I-fpw- am-t\-Pv-sa-ân-sâ-
Kp-ï-I-fp-am-bp-ïm-b- I-i-]n-i-b-tñ- Hm-^o-kv- sI-«n-Sw- X-ñn-¯-IÀ-¯-Xnð-
A-h-km-\n-¨-Xv.- kzm-X-{´y- \n-tj-[-¯nð- X-I-cp-ó- Ip-«n-I-fp-sS-
lr-Z-b-¯n-epw- h-ep-X-ñ- ^m-Î-dn-bnð- Dð-¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p-ó-
Nn-ñp-]m-fn-IÄ.-
A-Sp-¯-Im-e-¯v- \-S-ó- hn-ZymÀ-Yn- k-a-c-§-sf-ñmw- am-t\-Pp-sa-âp-IÄ-s¡-Xn-sc-bm-bn-cp-óp.-
A-Xv- F-kv-F-^v-sF- am-{X-a-ñ- ]-c-kv-]-cw- X-½n-e-Sn-¡p-óp-sh-óv-
Ip-ä-s¸-Sp-¯p-ó- sI-F-kv-bp-hpw- F-_n-hn-]n-bpw- \-S-¯n-bn-«p-ïv.-
hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p-ap-¼v- h-µ-\m-ta-t\m-³ F-ó- Ip-«n-bp-sS- A-½- c-a-Wn-ta-t\m-³
B-ßl-Xy-sN-bv-X-t¸mÄ- Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cw- ImÀ-að-
tIm-¬-sh-ân-te-¡v- amÀ-¨v-sN-bv-X- F-kv-F-^v-sF- {]-hÀ-¯-I-sc-
am-t\-Pv-sa-ân-sâ- Kp-ï-IÄ- I-S-¸p-d-¯p-\n-óv- sIm-ïp-h-ó-
sX-½m-Sn-I-sf-s¡m-ïv- B-bn-cw-Nq-ï-sb-dn-ªv- Ip-«n-I-fp-sS-
ap-Xp-Iv- Io-dn-b- Im-cyw- tI-c-fo-b- k-ap-lw- a-d-ón-«n-ñ.- C-óv-
hn-Zym-`ym-k- kw-c-£-W- k-an-Xn-bp-sS- t]-cnð- an-¡-hm-dpw- F-ñm-
am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-IÄ-¡pw- Kp-ïm-¸-S-bp-ïv.-
C-S-th-f-I-fn-ñm-¯- hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯nð- Ip-«n-IÄ-¡v- F-Iv-kv-{Sm
-I-cn-¡p-eÀ- F-tóm- \-ã-s¸-«p.- tIm-¨n-Mv- sk-â-dp-I-fn-epw-
s{]m-^-j-Wð- tIm-tf-Pp-I-fn-epw- B-[p-\n-I- sk-³{Sð- P-bnð- kw-hn-[m-\w-t]m-se-
tjmÀ-Sv- kÀ-Iyq«v-- Sn-hn-I-fm-Wv.- Ip-«n-IÄ-¡m-h-iyw- P-bn-e-d-I-f-ñ,-
a-dn-¨v- ]m-T-im-e-I-fm-Wv.- ]p-Xn-b- X-e-ap-d-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å- ap-Jy-
B-tcm-]-Ww- a-Zy-¯n-\pw- a-b-¡p-a-cp-ón-\pw- G-sd-
hn-t[-b-am-Ip-óp-sh-ó-Xm-Wv.- ap-ïpw- a-S-¡n-Ip-¯n- ]p-I-h-en-¨mð-
tjmÀ-Sv- kÀ-Iyq-«v- Sn-hn-bnð- Im-Wmw.- F-ómð- Ip-Sn-sh-Å-
Ip-¸n-bnð- Pn-³ \n-d-¨v- Ip-Sn-¨mð- H-cp- Sn-hn-bn-epw- Im-Wn-ñ.-
¢m-kv- ap-dn-I-fnð- hoÀ-¸p-ap-«n- ]p-d-¯n-d-§p-ó- Ip-«n-I-sf-
F-Xn-tcð-¡p-ó-Xv- a-Zy-hpw- a-b-¡p-a-cp-óp-am-Wv.- Un-kv-{S-Îo-hv-
tImw-]-äo-j-sâ- Að-]-hn-cm-a-§-fnð- A-hÀ- A-`-bw- tX-Sp-ó-Xv- Cu-
a-Zy-¯n-epw- a-b-¡p-a-cp-ón-ep-am-Wv.- C-Xm-Wv- am-t\-Pv-sa-âv-
hn-X-dn-s¡m-Sp-¯- A-¨-S-¡-¯nð- hn-f-bp-ó- hn-j-hr-£-§Ä.-
Iym-¼-kv- A-cm-{ão-b-X- am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-IÄ-¡v- G-sd- k-t´m-j-I-c-am-Wv.-
A-cm--{ão-b-¯nð-\n-óv- A-cm-P-I-Xz-ap-ïm-bm-epw- am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-IÄ-
s]m-dp-¡pw.- R-§-fp-sS- Im-e-L-«-¯nð- A-cm--{ão-b-X-sb- R-§Ä-
sN-dp-¯-Xv- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- cm-jv-{So-bw- sIm-ïm-Wv.- {In-kv-ä-^À-
tImÄ-Uv-sh-ñn-sâ- Story of a dying culture hn-ZymÀ-Yn-a-\-Ên-te-¡v-
]-IÀ-¯n-s¡m-ïv- R-§Ä- ]-d-ªp- No politics is the poitics of
bourgeois. F-ópw- Im-e-l-c-W-s¸-«- ap-X-em-fn-¯- cm--{ão-b-¯n-sâ-
k-´-Xn-bm-Wv- A-cm--{ão-b-sa-óv- R-§Ä- bp-àn-bpw-
lr-Z-b-hpw-sIm-ïv- Øm-]n-¨p.-
]p-Xn-b- \q-äm-ïn-sâ- B-i-b- {]-Nm-c-W-am-Wv- t]m-kv-äv- tam-tU-Wn-än.-
km-{am-Py-Xz-¯nð-\n-ópw- hn-I-kn-¨- B-tKm-f-hð-¡-c-W-¯n-sâ-
Xp-dp-¸p-No-«m-Wv- t]m-kv-äv- tam-tU-Wn-kw- F-ó- A-cm-P-I-Xz-hm-Zw.-
A-Xn-cp-I-fn-ñm-¯- kzm--X-{´yw- {]-Jym-]n-¡p-ó,- A-dn-bm-sX-
Nm-Sp-ó- A-Sn-a-¯-am-Wv- D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X.- hy-h-km-b-im-e-IÄ-
\n-d-ª- tam-tU-Wn-än- Im-e-l-c-W-s¸-s«-ópw- ssa-t{Im-Nn-¸v-
sIm-ïv- \n-d-ª- -t¥m-_ð- hn-tñ-Pnð- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-
sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K- B-i-b-§Ä-¡v- C-S-an-sñ-óp-am-Wv- C-hÀ-
kn-²m-´n-¡p-ó-Xv.- N-cn-{Xw- A-h-km-\n-s¨-ópw- ssa-t{Im-Nn-¸p-IÄ-
a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-s¯- Un-Pn-ä-sse-kv- sN-bv-sX-ópw- Øm-]n-¡m-³ C-hÀ-
sh-¼ð-sIm-Åp-óp.- Un-Pn-ä-sse-kv- sN-bv-X- tem-I-¯v- a-®n-c-sb-t¸m-se-
G-I-\m-bn- \nÀ-hr-Xn-b-S-bm-³ C-hÀ- B-h-iy-s¸-Sp-óp.- C-ó-s¯-
tem-Iw- ap-ónð- Im-Wp-ó-Xv- c-ïp-X-cw- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf-bm-Wv.-
H-cp- `m-K-¯v- Ir-jn-bn-S-§-fnð- sXm-gnð-c-ln-X-cm-b- Ip-Sn-tb-ä-
sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-sW-¦nð- a-dp-h-i-¯v- sF-Sn- ta-J-e-bn-se-
sXm-gnð-im-e-I-fnð- _-en-bm-Sp-I-fm-Ip-ó- hn-Zym-k-¼-óÀ.- c-ïv-
ssI-bn-epw- skð-t^m-¬,- Im-Xnð -Xq-¡n-bn-«- ssa-t{Im-h-bÀ,-
em-]v-tSm-¸v,- C-âÀ-s\-äv- sk-an-\m-dp-IÄ- H-ón-\pw- k-a-b-an-ñ.-
C-h-s\- B-IÀ-jn-¡p-ó-Xv- am-kw- 40,-000þ-50,-000 cq-].- C-h-\v- ]n-óo-Sv-
]p-dw-tem-I-hp-am-bn- _-Ô-s¸-tS-ï- a-\-Êv- a-c-hn-¡p-óp.- I-Sw-sIm-ï-
^v-fm-äv,- I-Sw-sIm-ï- Im-dv,- km-{am-Py-Xz-¯n-sâ- C-³^À-ta-j-\p-IÄ,-
Xn-anÀ-¯m-Sp-ó- bu-h-\-¯nð- bp-h-an-Yp-\-§Ä-¡v- thÀ-]n-cn-bm-³
an-óm-bw- t]m-se- H-cp- \n-an-jw.-
]-Tn-¡p-ó- hn-ZymÀ-Yn- ap-ónð-Im-Wp-ó-Xv-
tImÄ-sk-â-dp-I-fn-te-bpw- sF- Sn- ta-J-e-I-fn-te-bpw- {]-Xn-^-e-am-Wv.-
C-Xn-\n-S-bnð- izm-kw-ap-«n- A-dn-bm-sX- ]p-I-ªp-I-b-dp-ó-Xm-Wv-
Iym-¼-kv- A-cm--{ão-bw.- H-óp-Inð- sF-Sn- A-sñ-¦nð- F-³Pn-H.-
]p-Xn-b- X-e-ap-d-sb- A-cm{ão-b-am-bn- N-X-¨n-tS-ï- Nn-lv-\t_m-[-§-sf-
kw-_-Ôn-¨v- B-tKm-f-hð-¡-c-W-¯n-\v- \-ñ- Xn-cn-¨-dn-hp-ïv.- a-Zy-hpw-
a-b-¡p-a-cp-ópw- \o-e-¨n-{X-§-fpw- sk-Iv-jzm-en-än-bpw- C-tdm-«n-Iv-
aq-Up-sa-ñmw- A-cm-P-I-Xz-hm-Zn-bp-sS- ap-ónð- hn-cn-¨n-«- kp-µc-
]-c-h-Xm-\n-I-fm-Wv.- A-cm-P-I-Xz-¯n-sâ- \oÀ-¯-S-§-fnð-
hn-cn-bp-ó- bp-h-Xz-¯n-sâ- kz-]v-\-§Ä- \m-sf-bp-sS- s\-Sp-hoÀ-¸p-I-fm-bn-
I-em-in-¡m-Xn-cn-¡-Ww.- A-Xn-\m-Wv- Iym-¼-kv- cm-{ão-bw.-
hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e- tI-c-f-¯n-sâ- a-säm-cp- `o-I-c-ap-J-am-b-
hÀ-Ko-b- `o-I-c-hm-Z-¯n-te-¡v- tI-c-fw- t]m--b-Xv- H-ä-Zn-h-kw-
sIm-ï-ñ.- Xr-iqÀ- ]m-h-d-«n-bnð- sXm-¸n-bn-«p-h-ó- Ip-«n-sb-
¢m-knð- C-cp-¯m-¯-Xpw- in-tcm-h-kv-{X-hn-hm-Z-hpw- H-cp-h-i-¯v-
\-S-¡p-t¼mÄ- a-dp-h-i-¯v- C-µp-te-J-sb-bpw- ]m-em -sk-âv- tXm-a-kv-
tIm-tf-Pn-se- tkm-P-³ {^m-³kn-kn-t\-bpw- am-t\-Pv-sa-âv- ]-co-£-bv-¡n-cp-¯p-ón-ñ.-
Ip-«n-IÄ- am-t\-Pv-sa-âv- ]-d-bp-ó-Xv- tIÄ-¡-W-sa-óv- i-Tn-¡p-t¼mÄ-
sk-âv- Bð-_À-Sv-kv- tIm-tf-Pv- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-än-sb- [n-¡-cn-¨v-
]-T-\-k-a-bw- am-än.- Cu- [n-¡m-cw- C-óv- ]-e- kz-Im-cy -am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-I-fpw-
Xp-S-cp-óp.- X-§Ä-¡n-ã-an-ñm-¯- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-kw-L-S-\-bv-¡v-
am-t\-Pv-sa-ân-sâ- hn-e-¡pw- C-ã-ap-Å-hÀ-¡v- t{]m-Õm-l-\-hpw.-
A-§-s\- F-{X-sb-{X- km-aq-ly-hn-cp-²-cm-Wv- Iym-¼-kn-\p-Ån-se-
hn-ZymÀ-Yn-Ifm-bn- am-dn-b-Xv.- Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cw- Fw-Pn-
tIm-tf-Pn-epw- [-\p-h-¨-]p-cw- tIm-tf-Pn-epw- ln-µp-Xz-{In-an-\ep--IÄ-¡v-
C-Sw-sIm-Sp-¯-t¸mÄ- {In-kv-Xy-³ am-t\-Pv-sa-âv- kz-´w--
a-X-¡m-cm-b- sX-½m-Sn-I-sf- t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¨p.- ap-Énw-am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-IÄ-
Iym-¼-kv-{^-ïv- t]m-ep-Å- `o-I-c-hm-Zn-IÄ-¡v- X-g-¨p-h-f-cm-³
sh-Å-hpw- h-f-hpw- \ð-In.- Np-cp-¡-¯nð- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ-bpw-
P-\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-tâ-bpw- tkm-jy-en-k-¯n-tâ-bpw- {]m-W-hm-bp-hnð- In-fnÀ-¯p-\n-ó-
Iym-¼-kp-I-sf- hÀ-Ko-b-hð-¡-cn-¨v- A-[ym-]-I-sâ- ssI- sh-«n-¨-Xn-\p-
]n-d-In-epw- C-¯-cw- am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-IÄ- ap-f¸n-¨- hn-tZz-j-¯n-sâ-
hn-¯p-I-fm-Wv.- hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-sâ- H-cp-h-i-¯v- ]-e-hn-[- I-¨-h-S-hpw-
a-dp-h-i-¯v- hÀ-Ko-b-X-bp-sS- aÄ-«n- Ip-in-\n-bp-am-Wv.- C-Xn-\n-S-bnð-s]-«m-Wv-
tI-c-f-¯n-se- bp-h-Xzw- ]n-S-bp-ó-Xv.-
hn-Zym-`ym-k- kw-c-£-I-sc-óv- A-h-Im-i-s¸-Sp-ó-hÀ- I-em-e-b-
cm-{ão-b-¯n-\p-t\-sc- B-Zyw- sXm-Sp-¯p-hn-«- {]-Nm-c-Ww-
Iym-¼-knð- sIm-e-]m-X-I-§Ä- \-S-¡p-óp-sh-óm-Wv.- C-´y-³
hn-ZymÀ-Yn- s^-U-td-j-sâ- 32 Ip-cp-óp- Po-h-\m-Wv-- \mð-]-Xv- hÀ-j-¯n-\p-Ånð-
sIm-gn-ªp--ho-W-Xv.- sIm-ñw- F-kv-F-³ tIm-tf-Pnð- {io-Ip-am-dn-s\-
Ip-¯n-s¡m-ó-t¸m-gpw- X-e-ticn- {_-®-³ tIm-tf-Pnð- A-jv-d-^n-s\-
sIm-ó-t¸m-gpw- ]-«m-¼n- kw-kv-Ir-X- tIm-tf-Pn-\p- ap-ón-en-«v-
sk-bv-Xm-en-sb- h-I-h-cp-¯n-b-t¸m-gpw- ¢m-kv-ap-dn-bn-en-«v-
Xr-¸q-Wn-¯p-d- B-bpÀ-th-Z- tIm-tf-Pn-se- ]n- sI- cm-P-s\-
sIm-ó-t¸m-gpw- ]-´-fw- F-³F-kv-F-kv- tIm-tf-Pnð- s_-ôv- H-Sn-¨v-
`p-h-t\-iz-cs\- X-e-bv-¡-Sn-¨p- sIm-ó-t¸m-gpw- H-cp- hn-Zym-`ym-k-
kw-c-£-I-\pw- Iym-¼-kv- sIm-e-s¡-Xn-sc- {]-Xn-tj-[-kz-c-ap-bÀ-¯n-bn-ñ.-
kn- hn-- tPm-kn-sâ- sIm-e-]m-X-I-¯n-\v- ZrIv--km-£n-bm-b-
Nn-äm-dn-se- Fw- F-kv- {]-km-Zn-s\- Xn-cp-thm-W-Zn-h-kw-
sIm-ó-t¸m-gpw- I-en-¡-äv- hm-gv-kn-än- bp---h-P-t\m-Xv-k-h-th-Zn-bnð-
Iq-«p-ImÀ-¡v- ]m-kv- hm-§m-³t]m-b- sIm-¨-\n-b-s\- Ip-¯n-bn-«n-«pw-
tIm-tf-Pv- bq-Wn-b-³ sN-bÀ-am-\m-bn-cp-ó- sI- BÀ- tXm-a-kn-s\- I-Wn-aw-K-e-¯v-
C-cp-«n-sâ- a-d-hnð- B-{I-an-¨v- sIm-ó-t¸m-gpw- F-kv-F-^v-sF-
kw-Øm-\- ssh-kv- {]-kn-U-âm-bn-cp-ó- sI- hn- kp-[o-jn-s\-
sXm-¡n-e-§m-Sn-bn-se- sIm-¨p-ho-«n-en-«v- A-O-sâ-bpw-
A-½-bp-sS-bpw- ap-ón-en-«v- sh-«n-\p-dp-¡n-b-t¸m-gpw- H-cp-
hn-Zym-`ym-k- kw-c-£-I-\pw- {]-Xn-I-cn-¨n-ñ.-
F-gp-]-Xp-I-fnð- sI-F-kv-bp- B-{I-a-W-¯n-\n-c-bm-b- F-{X-sb-{X-
Iym-¼-kp-IÄ.- ]-Tn-¡m-³ ]p-kv-X-I-hp-am-bn- C-d-§n-¯n-cn-¨v-
Iym-¼-knð- am-\-`w-K-¯n-\n-c-bm-b- F-{X-sb-{X- s]-¬-Ip-«n-IÄ.-
Iym-¼-kv- A-cm-P-I-Xz-¯n-sâ-bpw- tIm-¸n-b-Sn-bp-sS-bpw- aqÀ-[-\y-¯n-em-b-
A-¡m-e-¯pw- H-cp- hn-Zym-`ym-k- kw-c-£-I-sâ-bpw- i-Ðw- tI-«n-ñ.-
B- i-Ðw- ap-g-§m-³ Xp-S-§n-b-Xv- B-tKm-f-hð-¡-c-W-¯n\v-
Bcw-`w-Ip-dn-¨ sXm-®q-dp-I-fn-em-Wv.-
]p-Xn-b-Im-ew,- B-tKm-f-hð-¡-c-W-¯n-sâ- ]p-Xn-b- \n-b-a-§Ä-
kw-L-Sn-X-am-b- i-àn-I-sf- hn-`-P-\-¯n-sâ- \qð-sIm-ïv- A-f-¡m-\pw-
ap-dn-¡m-\pw- F-ñmw- ]-Ww-sIm-ïv- Xq-¡m-\pw- aq-ey-§Ä-¡p- t\-sc-
I-®-S-bv-¡m-\pw- ssZ-h-s¯- hnð-¸-\-¨-c-¡m-¡n- am-äm-\pw- Xp-S-§n-b-
]p-Xn-b- \q-äm-ïnð- am-t\-Pv-sa-âp-IÄ- kÀ-h-I-em-im-e-IÄ-¡pw-
kÀ-¡m-cn-\pw- F-Xn-sc- s\-ôp-\n-hÀ-¯n- I-e-l-{]n-b-cm-bn- am-dn.-
A-hÀ- F-dn-bp-ó- Hm-tcm- Ip-´-ap-\-bpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâ- t\À-¡m-Wv.-
Iym-¼-kv- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâ- s\-ônð-ho-gp-ó- Hm-tcm- ap-\-bnð-\n-ópw-
ho-gp-ó- c-à-¯nð- In-fnÀ-¡p-ó-Xv- hÀ-Ko-b- `o-I-c-X-bp-sS-
hn-j-k-´-Xn-I-fm-Wv.- B-Xy-´n-I-am-bn- Iym-¼-kp-I-fnð-
hn-ZymÀ-Yn-I-fm-Wv- h-ep-sX-ó- Xn-cn-¨-dn-hv- \-ap-¡p-ïm-I-Ww.-
aq-eyw- \-ã-s¸-«- H-cp- k-aq-l-¯nð- \nÀ-¯m-sX- s]-¿p-ó- a-g-bp-sS-
\n-dw- I-dp-¸m-bn-cn-¡pw.- I-dp-¸nð- C-S-XqÀ-sóm-gp-Ip-ó- \n-jv-I-f-¦-
c-àw- C-cp-«nð- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bn-ñ.- Im-e-¯n-sâ- Hm-tcm- kzÀ-K-hpw-
\n-d-hpw- kv-]-µ-\-hpw- H-cp- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- k-aq-lw- a-\-Ên-em-¡-Ww.-
B-[n-Im-cn-I- {]-tLm-j-W-§-fp-sS-bpw- [mÀ-an-I-X-bp-sS-bpw- sam-¯-¡-¨-h-S-¡m-sc-
]m-hw- P-\-§Ä-s¡m-¸w- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-sX- t]m-bmð- \-ã-s¸-Sp-ó-Xv
Iym-¼-kv- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw- am-{X-a-ñ,- h-f-cp-ó- \m-Sn-sâ- `m-hn-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.-
kzm-X-{´yw- \-ã-s¸-«- hn-Zym-e-b- I-hm-S-§-fnð- {]m-W-hm-bp-hn-sâ-
Xn-cn- sIm-fp-t¯-ï-Xv- a-tX-X-c- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- aq-ey-§-fm-Wv.-
(X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv- anð-Pn-Xv cho-{µ³)-
