hn-`P\Im-e¯v- AXnÀ-¯n-¡v- A¸p-dhp-an-¸p-dhpw-
tNm-chmÀ-sóm-gp-Ip-t¼m-gpw- Hscm-ä hÀ-Ko-b kw-L«\hpw-
s]m-«n-¸p-ds¸Sm-¯ I-iv-aoÀ.--- ln-µp-hm-b alm-cm-Pm-hv- C´y³-
bq-Wn-b\nð- ebn¸n-¡m³- ]än-sñóv- iTn-¨t¸m-Ä,- ]m-In-Øm-\n-eñ
C´y-bn-em-Wv- X§fp-sS CSw- Fóv- Xn-cn-¨dn-ª I-iv-aoÀ.- aXm-Sn-Øm-\¯nð-
C´y-sb cïm-bn- sh«n-ap-dn-¡Ww- Fóv- Bhiy-s¸« Pn-óbp-sS Zzn--cm-{ãhm-Zs¯
\n-cm-Icn¨ I-iv-ao-À.- C´y-bn-em-Zyw- `q-]cn-jv-IcWw- \S¸m-¡n-b
I-iv-aoÀ.-
B I-iv-ao-cñ Cós¯ Iiv-aoÀ.- Akam-[m-\¯n-sâbpw- Aim-´n-bp-sSbpw-
]p-Ibp-ó ]Ibp-sSbpw- ]cym-bam-bn- am-dn-bn-cn-¡p-óp- Iiv-ao-À.-
F´p-sIm-ïn-§s\?- F´m-Wn-Xn-s\m-cp- ]cn-lm-cw?- I-iv-ao-cn- `o-Ichm-Zn-Ifp-sS
tXm-¡n-s\bpw- t_mw-_n-s\bpw- F®aä kµÀ-`§fnð- AXnPo-hn-¨
ap-l½Zv- bq-kkv- Xcn-Km-an-sb tIm-gn-t¡m-t«¡v- £Wn-¡p-t¼mÄ- Cu-
tNm-Zy-§Ä-¡p-Å D¯cw- t\cn-«p- tNm-Zn-¨dn-bp-I FóXp-Iq-Sn- a\Ên-ep-ïm-bn-cp-óp.-
ae_mÀ- IbÀ- s^kv-än-t\m-S\p-_Ôn-¨p-Å skan-\m-dnð- ]s¦Sp-¡m-\m-bm-Wv-
kzm-X{´y-Zn-\¯teóv- At±lw- F¯n-t¨À-óXv.-
I-gn-ª- X-h-W- X-cn-Km-an- tIm-gn-t¡m-s«-¯n-b-Xpw- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-Zn-\-¯-te-óm-bn-cp-óp.-
h-S-I-c-bn-se- s]m-Xp-tbm-K-¯n-\v- ap-¼v,- I-iv-ao-cn-sâ-
t]m-cm-«-ho-cy-¯n-sâ- B- {]-Xo-I-s¯-bpw- B-\-bn-¨p-sIm-ïv- B-bn-c-§Ä-
]-s¦-Sp-¯- {]-I-S-\w- A-£-cmÀ-Y-¯nð- ]-«-W-s¯-
hoÀ-¸p-ap-«n-¨n-cp-óp.- `m-jm-t`-Zw- a-d-óp-sIm-ïv- P-\-a-\-Êp-I-tfm-Sv-
t\-cn-«v- kw-km-cn-¡p-ó- X-cn-Km-an-bp-sS- {]-kw-Kw- XÀ-P-a-¡m-c-\m-b-
F-só- i-cn-¡pw- hn-j-an-¸n-¨p.- ]-d-bm-\p-Å- Im-cyw- t\-cn-«v-
P-\-§-fn-se-¯n-¡p-ó- i-co-c-`m-j.- A-Xn-\-¸p-dw- tIÄ-hn-¡m-sc-bpw-
{]-kw-K-I-s\-bpw- _-Ôn-¸n-¡p-ó- A-tÚ-b-am-b- H-cm-e-àn-I-X-cw-Kw.-
]n-só- XÀ-P-a-¡m-c-\v- F-´v- {]-k-àn-?-
{]kw-Kw- Ign-ªtijw- tIm-gn-t¡m-t«¡v- aS§p-óXn-\n-Sbnð- At±lw-
Xn-I¨pw- Akz-Ø\m-bn-cp-óp. ""I-iv-ao-cn-te¡v- Hóv- t^m¬-
sN¿Ww.''- sam-ss_ð- t^m-Wp-IÄ- {]Nm-c¯n-se¯n-bn-«n-ñ.- GsX¦n-epw
-Fkv-Sn-Un- _q-¯nð- Ibdm-\p-Å ss[cy-an-ñ.- t\cw- ssh-In-bXp-sIm-ïv-
Xn-cn-¨v- hSIcbn-se ]mÀ-Sn- Hm-^o-knð- sNóv- t^m¬-sNbv-Xv- aS§m-\pw-h¿.-
""ap-¡mð- aWn-¡q-dn-\Iw- ho-«n-se-¯pw.- A-hn-sS-
F-¯n-bn-«v- t]m-tc-?-'-'- R-§-fp-sS- \n-Ê-lm-b-X-tbm-Sv-
cm-Pn-bm-hm-³ X-¿m-dm-b- A-t±-l-s¯-bpw- Iq-«n- Ip-Xn-¨p-
ho-«n-se-¯n.- A-t¸m-gm-Wv- t_m-[y-am-b-Xv- X-cn-Km-an-bp-sS- A-kz-Ø-X-¡v-
]n-d-In-ep-Å- Im-cyw.- kzm-X-{´y-Zn-\-¯-te-óv- `o-I-c-hm-Zn-IÄ-
F-s´-¦n-epw- Ip-g-¸w- Ip-¯n-s¸m-¡n-tbm- F-ó-dn-bm-\p-Å-
th-h-em-Xn-bm-bn-cp-óp- A-Xv.- I-iv-ao-cn-sâ- Hm-tcm- ap-¡n-epw-
aq-e-bn-ep-ap-Å- k-Jm-¡-fp-am-bn- _-Ô-s¸-«v- Im-cy-am-b-
Ip-g-¸-§-sfm-ópw- C-ñ- F-ó-dn-ª-ti-j-am-Wv- A-t±-l-¯n-\v- izm-kw-
t\-sc-ho-W-Xv.-
I-iv-aoÀ- Aót¯Xn-epw- Gsd am-dn-t¸m-bn-cn-¡p-óp.- kv-{Xo-Ifpw-
Ip-«n-Ifpw- t\cn-«v- ssk\n-Icp-am-bn- Gäpap-«p-Ibm-Wv.- A\y-hð-¡cn-¡s¸«
Hcp- P\Xbm-bn- am-dn-¯o-cp-Ibm-tWm- alm-cm-Pm- lcn-kn-§n-sâ {]PIfp-sS
]n-òp-d¡mÀ?-
Xcn-Km-an- ]dbp-óp-: ""alm-cm-Pm- lcn-kn-§ñ.- C´y³-
]«m-fañ I-iv-ao-cn-s\ C´y-tbm-Sv- Iq-«n-tbm-Pn-¸n-¨Xv.- I-iv-aoÀ-
P\Xbp-sS CÑm-iàn-bm-Wv.''- \m-«p-cm-Py-§Ä- F´p- \n-e]m-sSSp-¡Ww-
Fó Im-cy-¯nð- AhÀ-¡v- kzm-X{´yw- \ð-In-s¡m-ïv- hn-S-]dª
{_n-«o-jp-ImÀ-sh¨ sIWn-bnð- ho-gp-Ibm-bn-cp-óp- Iiv-aoÀ- cm-Pm-hv-
lcn-kn-Mv.- C´y-bnð- tNcm-sX kzn-äv-kÀ-em³-Unsâ am-Xr-Ibnð-
kz-X{´]Zhn- \n-e\nÀ-¯m-\m-bn-cp-óp cm-Pm-hn-sâ tam-lw.-
alm-cm-Pm-hn-\v- ]m-In-Øm-t\m-Sv- tNcm-\m-Wv- Xm-ð-¸cy-sa¦nð- AXnð-
C´y-¡v- FXnÀ-¸n-sñóv- kÀ-ZmÀ- ]t«ð-t]m-epw-
kq-Nn-¸n-¨n-cp-óp.- Fón-«pw- C´y³- bq-Wn-b\nð- ebn-¡m³- km-lNcy-sam-cp-¡n-b
Iiv-ao-cn-P\X F´p-sIm-ïv- C§s\ A\y-hð-¡cn-¡s¸Spóp-?-
F´m-bn-cp-óp- B{IaW§Ä- ho-ïpw- s]m«n-¸p-ds¸«Xn-\v- ]n-ónð?-
A\u-]Nm-cn-Iam-b A`n-ap-Jw- Im-dnð-\n-óp-Xsó Xp-S§m-\m-bn- X¿m-dm-¡n-b
BZy-tNm-Zyw- AXm-bn-cp-óp.- ]t£ At±ls¯ kzo-Icn-¡m-\m-bn- Im-dnð-
hn-am-\¯m-hf¯n-se¯n-btXm-sS Øn-Xn-KXn-Ifm-sI \n-b{´Wm-Xo-Xam-bt]m-se.-
cïv- CSn-hïn- \n-dsb s]m-eo-kp-ImÀ- Im-¯p-\nð-¡p-óp.- ae¸p-ds¯
Un-ssh F--^v-sF kJm-¡Ä- sIm-ïp-hó am-et]m-epw- kpc£m-hn-`m-Kw-
Acn-¨p-s]dp-¡p-óp.- R§fp-sS ss{Uhdp-sS ssek³-kv- Hdn-Pn-\ð- Añ
Fóv- kw-ibw- tXm-ón-b s]m-eo-kv- hn-am-\¯m-hf¯n-\v- ap-ón-eq-sS
Abm-sfs¡m-ïv- ss{Uhn-Mv- sSkv-äv- \S¯n-¨p-Ifªp.- -kzm-X{´y-Zn-\¯teóm-bXp-sIm-ïv-
]Xn-hnð-¡hn-ª kp-c£m-{Iao-IcW§Ä.- AXn-\n-Sbn-em-Wv- skUv- ¹kv- kp-c£m-kw-hn-[m-\ap-Å
Hcm-fp-sS hchv.-- AXo-h Pm-{KXbnð- ImÀþC³-þCâÀ-hyq- \S¡m-sX
t]m-hpw- Fóp- tXm-ón.- \n-À-Ka\ Ihm-S¯nð -Xcn--Kman- F¯n-bXpw-
ap³ -ko-än-en-cp-óv- Iym-ad sdUn-bm-¡p-Ibm-bn-cp-ó t^m-t«m-{Km-^sd
X«n- s]m-eo-kp-Im-À- ]dªp.- ""ko-säm-gn-hm-¡v.-
ap³-ko-äv- ]n-Fkv-Hm-hn-\p-ÅXm-Wv''.-- cïv- ss]eäv- Po-¸p-Ifn-se
s]m-eo-kp-ImÀ-- ssIbpw- Im-epw- Im-«n -FXn-tchcp-ó hm-l\§sf
B«n-bIäp-óp.- AXn-\n-S-bnð-- AsXm-ópw -{i²n-¡m-sX s]m-eo-kv- km-ón-[y-¯nð-
Hc`n-ap-J¯n-\v- X¿mÀ-Xsó Cu- t]m-cm-fn.-
CSthfbn-se im-´X¡v- tijw- ho-ïpw- I-iv-aoÀ-
Iem-]`q-an-bm-hp-Ibm-Wv.- B{IaW§Ä- ho-ïpw- s]m-«n-¸p-ds¸Sm³-
s]s«óv- CSbm-¡n-b kw-`hsa´m-bn-cp-óp.--=- R§fp-sS
A`n-{]m-b¯nð,- CXv- km-[m-cW P\§Ä- h³-tXm-Xnð- A\y-hð-¡cn-¡s¸«Xn-sâ
{]Xn-^e\am-Wv.- Ip-d¨p-hÀ-jw-ap-¼v- C´y-bpw- ]m-In-Øm-\pw- X½nð-
kam-[m-\NÀ-¨IÄ- \S¡p-óp-ïm-bn-cp-óp.-- AXn-sâ ASn-Øm-\¯nð-
P\§sf hnizm-k¯n-seSp-¡m³ -]än-b ]e \S]Sn-Ifpw- ssIs¡m-ïn-cp-óp.-
ap-km-d^m-_m-Zv-þ{io-\KÀ- tdm-Upw- ]p-ôv-þdm-h-et¡m-«v- tdm-Upw-
Xp-dóp-sIm-Sp-¯Xv- P\§Ä- X½n-ep-Å _Ôw- hfÀ-¯m³- klm-bn-¨p.-
\n-b{´WtcJm- {]tZi¯v- hm-Wn-Py-_Ô§Ä- ]p-\x-Øm-]n-¡p-óXn-\v- {ia§Ä-
\Sóp.- kn-bm-¨n³,- kÀ-{Io-Iv- {]tZi§fn-ð- Nn-e ap³-ssI
{]Xo-£n-¨Xm-Wv.- I-iv-ao-cn-s\¡pdn-¨p-Å Ahin-ã{]iv-\§Ä- ]cn-lcn-¡p-óXn-s\¡p-dn-¨v-
Btem-N\IÄ- \S¡p-Ibm-bn-cp-óp.- tI{µw-- ap-tóm-«p-sh-¨ Hcp- Hm-^À,-
AXnÀ-¯n-¡¸p-dhpw- C¸p-dhp-ap-Å hm-Wn-Py-hpw- P\§fp-sS
hchp-t]m-¡pw- Dd¸m-¡mw- Fóp-ÅXm-bn-cp-óp.- ]m-In-Øm-sâ `m-K¯p-\n-ópw-
Nn-e \o-¡p-t]m-¡p-IÄ-¡p-Å kó²X {]ISam-bn-cp-óp.- P\dð- ap-j-d^n-sâ
\m-en-\ t^mÀ-ape Fódn-bs¸«n-cp-ó- Nn-e abs¸Sp-¯ep-IÄ- DZm-lcWw.-
AtXm-sS I-iv-aoÀ- {]tZi¯m-sI {]Xo-£bp-sS A´co-£am-bn.-
ZuÀ-`m-Ky-himð- ]m-In-Øm-\n-se B`y-´c{]iv-\§fpw- apw-ss_ `o-Icm-{IaWhpw-
Im-cWw- CXm-sI XIÀ-¡s¸«p.-- kam-[m-\ NÀ-¨IÄ- A¸m-sS XIn-Sw- adn-ªp.-
Iiv-aoÀ- {]iv-\w- ]cn-lcn-¡p-óXn-\m-bn- {io-\Kdnð- hn-fn-¨p-tNÀ-¯
h«taikt½f\w- C´ybp-sS ap³-ssIbnð- \SóXm-Wv.- Ahn-sS sh¨v- hn-hn[
{]hÀ-¯Ikan-Xn-IÄ- (working groups) cq-]hð-¡cn-¡s¸«Xm-Wv.-
CsXñmw {]Xo-£bp-sS A´co-£sam-cp-¡n-bn-cp-óp.- ]t£ kam-[m-\NÀ-¨IÄ-
XIn-Sw- adn-ªp.-- B`y-´cam-bn- {]iv-\]cn-lm-c¯n-\p-Å Hcp- {iahpw-
Cñm-Xmbn.- CtXm-sS P\§Ä- hn-tijn-¨pw -bp-hm-¡Ä- \n-cm-icm-bn.-
{]Xo-£bnð-\n-óv- \n-cm-ibn-te¡p-Å Hcp- h³ -]X\w.-
Cu- A-´-co-£-¯nð,- h-³tXm-Xn-ep-Å- sXm-gn-en-ñm-bv-a-
s]-cp-Ip-t¼mÄ,- kw-Øm-\- K-h-¬-sa-âv- {]-I-Sn-¸n-¨- \n-jv-{In-b-Xzw-
I-Sp-¯- tcm-j-¯n-\n-S-bm-¡n.- C-t¸m-g-s¯- Ip-g-¸-§Ä-¡p-Å- A-Sn-b-´-c-
Im-c-Ww- \n-c-]-cm-[n-I-fm-b- aq-óp- sN-dp-¸-¡m-sc- ]n-Sn-Iq-Sn-
`o-I-c-hm-Zn-IÄ- F-óv- ap-{Z-Ip-¯n- sIm-e-s¸-Sp-¯n-b- kw-`-h-am-Wv.-
Cu- bp-hm-¡Ä- H-cp- Ip-ä-hpw- sN-bv-Xn-cp-ón-ñ- F-ó- h-kv-Xp-X-
]p-d-¯m-b-tXm-sS- Xm-gv-h-c-bn-em-sI- t£m-`-¯n-sâ- sIm-Sp-¦m-äv-
B-ª-Sn-¨p.- Cu- {]-Xn-tj-[-{]-I-S-\-§Ä-¡n-sS- {io-\-K-dnð- H-cp-
_m-e-³ sIm-ñ-s¸-«p.- tcm-jw- A-tXm-sS- ]-Xn-ò-S-§v- hÀ-[n-¨p.-
ho-ïpw- {]-t£m-`-§Ä,- sh-Sn-sh-¸v,- B-{I-a-W-¯n-sâ- Xp-SÀ-¨-IÄ,-
C-Xm-Wv- C-ó-s¯- A-h-Ø-bn-se-¯n-¨-Xv.-
tI-{µ- kÀ-¡m-cpw,- kw-Øm-\- kÀ-¡m-cpw- C-Xn-t\m-Sv- cm-{ão-b-am-bn-
{]-Xn-I-cn-¨n-ñ.- ]-I-cw- A-Xn-cp-I-S-ó- `-c-W-\-S-]-Sn-I-sf- B-{i-bn-¨p.-
{][m-\a{´n- CXn-\p-ap-¼pw- Xm-gv-hcbnð- kµÀ-i\w- \S¯n-bn-cp-ótñm.-
{]iv-\]cn-lm-c¯n-\p-Å {ia§sf AXv- H«pw- klm-bn-¨n-sñtóm.--
=- i-cn-bm-Wv,- {]-[m-\-a-{´n- sa-bv- am-k-¯nð- I-iv-aoÀ- k-µÀ-in-¨n-cp-óp.-
kn-]n-sF- Fw- {]-Xn-\n-[n-kw-Lw- A-t±-l-s¯- I-ïn-cp-óp.- P-\-§Ä-¡n-S-bnð-
h-fÀ-óp-h-cp-ó- A-kw-Xr-]v-Xn-bn-epw- \n-cm-i-bn-epw- R-§Ä-¡p-Å-
th-h-em-Xn- A-t±-l-s¯- A-dn-bn-¨p.- AÀ-Y-]qÀ-W-am-b- NÀ-¨-IÄ-
hn-tZ-i-Im-cy- X-e-¯n-epw- B-`y-´-c-am-bpw-\-S-¯-Ww- F-ó- Im-cyw-
R-§Ä-A-t±-l-s¯- t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯n.- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-{In-b-¡v-
]p-d-¯p-Å-h-cp-am-bn-t¸m-epw- kw-`m-j-Ww- B-cw-`n-¡-W-sa-óm-Wv-
R-§Ä- {]-[m-\-a-{´n-tbm-Sm-h-iy-s¸-«-Xv.- P-\-§-fp-sS- hn-Im-cw-
{]-[m-\-a-{´n-sb- \-óm-bn- [-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-ïv.- ]m-In-Øm-\nð-\n-óp-Å-
{]-tIm-]-\w- F-´p-X-só-bm-bm-epw- C-´y-¡v- ap-ón-ep-Å- G-I-
t]mw-h-gn- kw-`m-j-W-{]-In-b- am-{X-am-sW-ópw- R-§Ä- Nq-ïn-¡m-«n.-
`o-I-c-hm-Zn-I-sf-bpw- B-{I-a-Ww- t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¡p-ó-h-sc-bpw-
H-ä-s¸-Sp-¯m-³ B-h-W-sa-¦nð- ]m-In-Øm-\p-am-bp-Å- Iq-Sn-bm-tem-N-\-IÄ-
t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv- th-ï-Xv.- ]-«m-f-¡mÀ-
\n-c-]-cm-[n-I-fm-b- aq-óp- sN-dp-¸-¡m-sc- sIm-óp-X-Ån- `o-I-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv-
F-óv- Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¨-Xp-t]m-ep-Å- kw-`-h-§Ä- \m-Sn-\v- X-só-
\m-W-t¡-Sm-Wv.- B kw-`h¯n-\v- D¯chm-Zn-Ifm-bhsc \n-ba¯n-sâ
ap-¼nð- sIm-ïp-hcn-Ibpw- AhÀ- in-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bpw- th-W-sa-óv-
R-§Ä- {]-[m-\-a-{´n-tbm-Sv- B-h-iy-s¸-«p.- I-iv-ao-cn-\v-
hym-h-km-bn-Im-Sn-¯-d- C-sñ-ópw- A-Xp-sIm-ïp-X-só- sN-dp-¸-¡mÀ-¡v-
sXm-gnð- \ð-Im-\p-Å- km-[y-X-bn-sñ-ópw- R-§Ä- Nq-ïn-¡m-«n.- A-Xp-sIm-ïv-
P-½p-I-iv-ao-cn-sâ- k-¼-Zv-hy-h-Ø-sb- ]p-\x-kr-ãn-¡p-ó-
Im-cy-¯nð- tI-{µ-kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ- k-Xz-c-{i-²- ]-Xn-b-W-sa-ópw-
R-§-fm-h-iy-s¸-«p.- ]p-Xn-b- X-e-ap-d-bn-se- sN-dp-¸-¡mÀ-¡v-
AÀ-Y-]qÀ-W-am-b- sXm-gnð- In-«p-sa-óp-d-¸m-¡p-ó- X-c-¯n-ep-Å-
ap-³ssI- tI-{µ-kÀ-¡m-cnð- \n-óp-ïm-h-Ww.- ]-t£- C-¡m-cy-¯nð-
tI-{µ-kÀ-¡mÀ- C-\n-bpw- Xo-cp-am-\-§Ä- ssI-s¡m-ïn-«n-ñ.-
bYmÀ-Y¯nð- Iiv-ao-cn-se Cós¯ Ip-g¸§fp-sS
thcp-IÄ-kzm-X{´y-kac Ncn-{Xhp-am-bn-¯só sI«p-]n-Wªp-In-S¡p-Ibtñ.--
AXn-s\ F§s\ t\m-¡n-¡m-Wp-óp.--
=- Cóv- Iiv-ao-cnð- \S¡p-óXv- XoÀ-¨bm-bpw- Po-hn¡tWm-
acn-¡tWm- FóXp-am-bn- _Ôs¸« {]iv-\w- Xsóbm-Wv.- Zzn--cm-{ãhm-Z-¯n-sâ-
]-co-£-W-`q-an-Iq-Sn-bm-W-Xv.- Pn-ó- ap-tóm-«p-sh-¨-
Zzn-cm-{ã-hm-Z-am-I-s«,- hn-`-P-\-Im-e-s¯- Iq-«-¡p-cp-Xn-I-fp-am-bn-
_-Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wp-Xm-\pw.- Cu- hm-Z-a-\p-k-cn-¨v- ln-µp-¡-fpw-
ap-Én-§-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å- ssh-c-an-ñm-Xm-I-W-sa-¦nð,- c-ïp-
Iq-«À-¡pw- sh-tÆ-sd- cm-Py-§Ä- In-«-Ww.- t\-sc-a-dn-¨v- C-´y-³
tZ-io-b- {]-Øm-\w- A-h-Im-i-s¸-«-Xm-I-s«- F-ñm- a-X-hn-`m-K-§-fn-epw-s]-«-
P-\-§-sf- DÄ-s¡m-Åm-hp-ó- H-cp-a-tX-X-c-k-aq-l-hpw.- a-X-]-c-am-b-
ssh-Pm-Xy-§Ä- H-cp- cm-{ão-b-_m-[y-X-b-ñ,- a-dn-¨v- H-cp-
kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- B-kv-Xn-bm-Wv- F-óm-Wv.- Cu- c-ïp- hm-Z-§-fp-sS-bpw-
]-co-£-W-th-Zn-bm-bn-¯oÀ-óp- I-iv-aoÀ.- A-XnÀ-¯n-sb-bpw-
hn-izm-k-s¯-bpw- kw-_-Ôn-¨v- ]-c-kv-]-cw- a-Õ-cn-¡p-ó- A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-§-fm-Wv-
I-iv-ao-cnð- D-bÀ-ó-Xv.--
Chn-sS hy-àam-bpw- HmÀ-t¡ï Hcp- Im-cy-ap-ïv.- C´y-bp-am-bn-
Iiv-aoÀ- kw-tbm-Pn-¨Xv- Hcp-- khn-tij km-lNcy-¯n-em-Wv.- Iiv-ao-cn-s\
hi¯m-¡m³- ]m-In-Øm³- Fñm- {ia§fpw- \S¯p-Ibm-bn-cp-óp.- Iiv-aoÀ-
cm-Pm-hm-b lcn-kn-§m-Is« C´y-tbm-Sv- tNcm³- hn-ap-J\m-bn- \nð-¡p-Ibp-am-bn-cp-óp.-
kzm-X{´y-kac¯n-sâ s]m-Xp aq-ey-§Ä- ]¦p-sh¡p-óXn-ep-Å
s]m-Xp-[m-cWbm-Wv- C´y-bp-sS CXchn-`m-K§fp-am-bn- Iiv-ao-cn-s\ Hón-¸n-¨
ap-Jy-LSIw.- C´y-bp-sS Imgv-N¸m-Spw- Iiv-ao-cn-sâ Imgv-N¸m-Spw-
C¡m-cy-¯nð- Hóm-bn-cp-óp.-
I-iv-ao-cn-sâ Cu- {]tXy-I km-lNcyhpw- - {]tXy-I hy-àn-Xzhpw- a\Ên-em-¡n-s¡m-ïm-Wv-
C´y³- `cWLS\bnð- Iiv-ao-cn-\v- {]tXy-I ]Zhn- \ð-In-bXv.- `cWLS\bp-sS
370þmw- hIp¸n-s\ Cu-sbm-cp- Zn-ibnð- thWw- ]cn-tim-[n-¡m³.- ]t£
Cu- hIp-¸n-\p-ïm-b tim-jWw- C´y³- ap-Jy-[m-cbnð-\n-óv- Iiv-ao-cn-s\
Gsd AIän-¡fªp.-
AsXm-óp-Iq-Sn- hn-iZo-Icn-¡m-tam.--
=-1953ð- sjbv-Iv- A_v-Zp-Åbp-sS sXcsªSp-¡s¸« kÀ-¡m-cn-s\
C´ym-Kh¬-saâv- ]p-d¯m-¡n.- `cWLS\bp-sS 370-þmw- hIp-¸n-sâ ew-L\am-bn-cp-óp-
AXv.- sjbv-Iv- A_v-Zp-Åsb ZoÀ-LIm-ew- XShn-eSbv-¡p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.-
]n-óo-Sv- sXcsªSp-¸nð- Ir-{Xn-aw-Im-«n- P\m-[n-]Xy-s¯¯só
Iim-¸v-sNbv-Xp.- kw-Øm-\ Akw-»n-bp-sS {]tXy-Im-[n-Im-c§fpw-
AhIm-i§fpw- IhÀ-sóSp-¯Xv- \n-cm-ibn-te¡pw- tam-l`w-K¯n-te¡pw- \bn-¨p-
FóXm-Wv- hm-kv-Xhw.-
C-ón-t¸mÄ- I-iv-ao-cn- P-\-X-bp-sS- a-\-Ênð- A-hn-izm-kw-
h-³tXm-Xnð- ]-SÀ-óp-I-b-dn-bn-cn-¡p-óp.- A-Y-hm- A-hn-izm-kw-
I-iv-ao-cn- a-\-Ên-s\- Io-gv-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-óp.- Cu-sbm-c-h-Ø-sb-bm-Wv-
hn-L-S-\-hm-Zn-I-fpw- ap-Énw- -au-en-I--hm-Zn-I-fpw- ap-X-se-Sp-¡p-ó-Xv.-
A-Xp-h-gn- I-iv-ao-cn-s\- C-´y-bnð-\n-óv- ]n-gp-sX-Sp-¡m-\m-Wv- A-hÀ-
{i-an-¡p-ó-Xv.- a-dp-`m-K-¯v- ln-µp-hÀ-Ko-b--hm-Zn-I-fm-I-s«,- Cu-
A-h-k-cw- ap-X-se-Sp-¯v- C-´y-³ P-\-X-bp-sS- I-eÀ-¸-ä- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-b-
A-`n-em-j-§-sf- A-Sn-¨-aÀ-¯m-\m-Wv- {i-an-¡p-ó-Xv.-
hÀ-Ko-b-hm-Zn-Ifpw- km-{am-Py-Xz-iàn-Ifpw- C§s\ sIm-¯n-hen-¡p-ó
Iiv-ao-cn-\v- ]n-só F´m-sWm-cp- c£m-am-À-Kw.-
=- BhÀ-¯n-¨p-Å lnw-kbpw- `o-IcXbpw- adp-`o-IcXbpw tNÀ-óv- Ign-ª
Ccp-]Xv- hÀ-j¡m-eam-bn- Iiv-ao-cn- P\Xbp-sS Po-hn-X¯n-\p-tað- Gsd hn-\m-iam-Wv-
hn-X¨Xv.- Iiv-ao-cn-sâ al¯m-b km-ap-Zm-bn-I ku-lmÀ-Z- ]m-c¼cy-s¯
XIÀ-s¯dn-bm-\pw- AXn-\v- Ign-ªp.- B«n-tbm-Sn-¡s¸« ap-gp-h³- P\hn-`m-K§Ä¡pw,-
hn-tijn¨v-- Iiv-ao-cn- ]Þn-äp-IÄ-¡v--- kp-c£n-Xhpw- am-\y-hp-am-b
Hcp- Xn-cn-¨p-hchn-\v- ]än-b A´co-£w- kr-ãn-¡s¸Sm-¯n-St¯m-fw-
Iiv-ao-cn- hy-àn-Xz-¯n-sâ Po-h³- \n-e\nð-¡n-ñ.-
C´y³- P\m-[n-]Xy-¯n-sâ am-äp-c¨p-t\m-¡p-ó ]co-£WthZn-bm-bn-
am-dp-Ibm-Wv- Iiv-aoÀ.- ]t£ ZuÀ-`m-Ky-himð- Iiv-ao-cn-sâ lrZbhpw-
a\Êpw- Io-gS¡m-hp-ó hn-[¯n-ep-Å ap³-ssI FSp-¡m³- kÀ-¡mÀ-
X¿m-dm-hp-ón-ñ.- AXnÀ-¯n- kw-_Ôn-¨p-Å - {]iv-\§fp-sS ]cn-lm-c¯n-\¸p-dw,-
Iiv-ao-cn-se P\§fpw- C´y³- `cWIq-Shpw- X½n-ep-Å
hÀ-[n-¨p-sIm-tïbn-cn-¡p-ó hn-Shv- F§s\ Ip-d¨p-sIm-ïp-hcm-\m-hpw-
FóXm-Wv- C´y³- `cWm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ-¡v- ap-ón-ep-Å ASn-Øm-\]cam-b
shñp-hn-fn. -R§fp-sS A`n-{]m-b¯nð,- ]m-In-Øm-\p-am-bp-Å NÀ-¨IÄ-
Bcw-`n-¡p-ótXm-sSm-¸w- Iiv-aoÀ- kw-Øm-\s¯ hn-hn-[ hn-`m-K§fp-sS
A`n-{]m-bKXn-Ifp-am-bn- tbm-Pn-¸p-ïm-¡p-óXp-am-bn-cn-¡Ww- B Zn-ibn-ep-Å
{]Ya \o-¡w.--
icn-bm-b {]iv-\]cn-lm-c¯n-\m-bn- C¯cw- \nÀ-tZi§Ä- kaÀ-¸n-¡p-ó
Xm-¦fp-sS ]mÀ-Sn-bp-sS biÊv- hÀ-[n-¡p-óp-shóXv- t\cp-Xsó.--
C¡gn-ª BKkv-Xv- 10 \v- {][m-\a{´n- hn-fn-¨p-tNÀ-¯ cm-{ão-b ]mÀ-Sn-Ifp-sS
tbm-K¯nð- {]kw-Kw- \nÀ-¯n-b DSs\ At±lw- Xm-¦fp-sS A`n-{]m-bw-
Fs´ódn-bm³- {]tXy-I Xm-ev-]cy-saSp-¯Xpw- BZyw- kw-km-cn-¡m³- £Wn-¨Xpw-
cm-Pyw- ap-gp-h³- Sn- hn-bn-eq-sS Iïp.- ]t£ F{Xbv-¡p-ïv- I-iv-ao-cnð-
Xm-¦fp-sS ]mÀ-Sn-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w.-
=- R-§Ä- H-cp- h-en-b- i-àn-b-ñ.- sN-dn-sbm-cp- ]mÀ-Sn-bm-Wv-
R-§-fp-tS-Xv.- ]-t£- R-§Ä- ]-X-dm-sX,- ap-«p-a-S-¡m-sX- \nð-¡p-óp.-
I-iv-aoÀ- P-\-X-bp-sS- Zp-cn-X-§-fnð- A-hÀ-s¡m-¸w- \nð-¡p-ó-h-cm-Wv-
F-óv- R-§Ä- kz-bw- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-óp.- a-äp- ]-e- I-£n-I-fpw-
A-{]-k-àam-hp-t¼mÄ,- R-§Ä-¡v- A-ev-]-sa-¦n-epw- C-Sw-
In-«p-ó-Xv- k-Jm-¡fp-sS- A-{im-´-]-cn-{i-a-¯n-sâ- `m-K-am-bm-Wv.-
P-\-§-fp-am-bn- A-hÀ-¡p-Å- A-Sp-¯-_-Ôw- Im-c-W-am-Wv.- A-¯-cw-
kp-Zr-V-_-Ô-§Ä- C-sñ-¦nð,- i-{Xp-hn-sâ- hn-P-bw- kp-\n-iv-Nn-X-am-Wv.-
{][m-\a{´n- hn-fn-¨p-tNÀ-¯ kÀ-hI£n- tbm-K¯n-sâ
Im-cy-am-sW¦nð- At±lw- \S¯n-b AhXcW¯nð- ASn-b´c{i² ]Xntbï
Im-cy-§Ä- Nq-ïn-¡m-Wn-¨tijw- Ftóm-Sv- kw-km-cn-¡m³- ]dbp-Ibm-Wp-ïm-bXv.-
Cu- tbm-K¯nð- Im-iv-ao-cn-sâ kz-bw-`cWIm-cy-¯nð- lp-dn-bXv- tIm¬-{^³-kpw-
_n-sP]n-bpw- ssIs¡m-ï \n-e]m-Sp-Ifnð- kam-\XIfp-ïm-bn-cp-óp.-
Im-iv-ao-cn-\v- kz-bw-`cWw- Bhiyan-sñó kao-]\am-Wv- Ccp-hn-`m-K¯nð-s¸«
au-en-Ihm-Zn-IÄ-¡pw.-
kz-bw-`-c-Wm-h-Im-i-sa-ó-Xv- a-³tam-l-³kn-§n-sâ- ]p-Xn-b- I-ïp-]n-Sp-¯-a-ñ.-
2000ð- P-½p- I-iv-aoÀ- A-kw-»-bnð- ]m-km-¡n- A-ó-s¯- F-³Un-F-
kÀ-¡m-cn-\v- A-b-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯- {]-ta-b-¯n-se- B-h-iy-am-bn-cp-óp-
A-Xv.- hm-Pv-t]-bn- A-Xv- I-ïn-sñ-óv- \-Sn-¨p.- kz-bw-`-c-Wm-h-Im-iw-
\n-tj-[n-¡p-óp- F-ó-Xn-\À-Yw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 370þmw- h-Ip-¸n-s\-
\n-tj-[n-¡p-óp- F-ó-Xm-Wv.- P-½p- I-iv-ao-cn-s\- C-´y-³ bq-Wn-b-\p-am-bn-
_-Ôn-¸n-¡p-ó- I-®n-sb-¯-só- \n-cm-I-cn-¡p-ó- F-óm-WÀ-Yw.-
hm-kv-Xh¯nð- kz-bw-`cWm-hImiw- Bsc¦n-epw- h¨p-\o-«p-ó
Hu-Zm-cy-añ.- C´y-³- `cWLS\ Iiv-ao-cn-\\p-hZn-¨ {]tXy-I]Zhn- hgn-
hóp-tNcp-ó AhIm-iam-WXv.- Iiv-aoÀ- cm-Pyw- C´y-bp-am-bn-
Iq-Sn-t¨cp-óXn-\p-Å ap-óp-]m-[n-bm-bn-cp-óp- AXv.- Ign-ª
Im-e§fn-ð- sXäm-bn,- `cWLS\m-hn-cp-²am-bn- P\m-[n-]Xy-hn-cp-²am-bn-
370þmw- hIp-¸n-s\ ZpÀ-_es¸Sp-¯p-Ibm-bn-cp-óp.- AXv- ]p-\x-Øm-]n-¡Wsaóm-Wv-
P½p- Iiv-aoÀ- Akw-»n- ]¯p-sIm-ñw- ap¼v- Bhiy-s¸«Xv.- AXn-t\m-Sn-W§p-ó
kao-]\am-bn-cp-óp- a³-tam-l³-kn-§n-sâ {]Jym-]\¯nð.-
ZuÀ-`m-Ky-himð- C´y-bnð- \n-óv- hn-LSn-¨p-t]m-hm³- {ian-¡p-ó
iàn-Ifpw- AJÞ`m-cXs¯¸än- hm-NIaSn-¡p-ó _n-sP]n-bpw- Htct]m-se
kz-bw-`cWm-hIm-is¯ FXnÀ-¡p-Ibm-Wv.- cïp- Iq-«cpw- P\m-`n-em-jañ,-
kap-Zm-b Xmð-]cy-am-Wv- {]Xn-^en-¸n-¡p-óXv.-
kn-]n-sF Fw- \n-e]m-Sp-Ifp-sS {]m-tbm-Kn-IX {][m-\a{´n-t]m-epw- Aw-Ko-Icn-¡p-óXn-\p-
]n-ón-ep-Å {][m-\Im-cyw- P\§Ä-¡n-Sbnð- £am-]qÀ-hw- {]hÀ-¯n-¨p-sIm-ïv-
Ahcp-sS I®o-scm-¸m-\p-Å BßmÀ-Y{iaw- \S¯p-ó I£n-bm-Wv-
Xm-¦fp-tSXv- Fó Xn-cn-¨dn-hm-Wtñm.- A¯csam-cp- ]mÀ-Sn-¡v- t\Xr-Xzw-
\ð-Ip-óXn-\n-Sbnð- At\IXhW Xm-¦Ä- i{Xp-¡fp-sS B{IaW e£y-am-bn-cp-óp.-
hyàn-]cam-b Nn-e A\p-`h§Ä-Iq-Sn- ]¦p-hbv-¡m-tam.-
=- ]mÀ-Sn- DbÀ-¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p-ó al¯m-b e£y-{]m-]v-Xn-¡m-bn-
thï{X Np-aXeIÄ- \nÀ-hln-¡m³- F\n-¡m-bn-«n-ñ- Fóp-Xsóbm-Wv-
Fsâ tXm-óð.- Cós¯ km-lNcyw- Gsd hn-jaIcam-Wv.- At\Iw- kJm-¡Ä-¡v-
Ahcp-sS Po-h³-Xsó _en-bÀ-¸n-t¡ïn-hón-«p-ïv.- F{Xtað- ISp-¯
k½À-Z§Ä- t\cn-tSïn-hóm-epw,- R§fp-sS Np-aXeIÄ- \n-dthäm³-
Bhpw-hn-[w- R§Ä- {ian-¨p-t]m-ón-«p-ïv.- C¡m-cy-¯nð-
hy-àn-]cam-bn- Fsâ kw-`m-h\ thï{X Dïm-bn-«p-tïm- Fó Im-cy-¯nð-
F\n-¡v- kw-ibap-ïv.-
i-cn-bm-bn-cn-¡mw,- ]-t£- {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ- `m-K-am-bn-
Np-a-X-e-IÄ- \n-d-th-äp-ó-Xn-\n-S-bnð- t\-cn-tS-ïn-h-ó-
hy-àn-]-c-am-b- B-{I-a-W-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v- hm-b-\-¡mÀ- A-dn-tb-ï-Xp-ïv-
F-óp- tXm-óp-óp.- F-®-a-ä- B-{I-a-W-§Ä- Xm-¦Ä-¡p-t\-sc- D-ïm-bn-«p-ïv-
F-ó-dn-bmw.- Np-cp-¡n-¸-d-bm-tam.-
= 89ð-Xsó F\n-¡v- A`bmÀ-Yn-bm-bn- P½p-hn-te¡v-
Ip-Sn-tbtdïn-hón-«p-ïv.- P½p-hn-te¡p-Å BZy- Ip-Sn-tbä¡m-c³- Rm-\m-Wv-
Fóp- tXm-óp-óp.- Hcn-¡ð- tcm-K_m-[n-X\m-bn- {Km-a¯n-se ho-«nð-
Ign-bp-t¼mÄ,- Xo-{hhm-Zn-IÄ- ho-Sp-hfªp.- AhÀ-¡v- thïXv- Fsâ
Po-h\m-bn-cp-óp.- ]t£ Ahsc hn-Pbn-¡m³- A\p-hZn-¨p-Iq-Stñm.-
1996se sXcsªSp-¸nð- Ipð-Km-anð-\n-óv- Rm³- Pbn-¨t¸mÄ- \Só
dm-en-¡p-t\sc {Kt\Uv- B{IaWam-Wv- FXn-cm-fn-IÄ- \S¯n-bXv.- F«p-t]À-
kw-`hØe¯v- acn-¨p-ho-Wp.- Uk³-IW¡n-\v- kJm-¡Ä-¡v- ]cn-t¡äp.-
Fsâ sXm-«Sp¯ ko-än-en-cp-ó kv-{Xo-bpw- sIm-ñs¸«p.- Fón-«pw-
Rm³- AXn-Po-hn-¨p.-
2005se `o-Icm-{IaWw- Hcp- Nm-thdn-sâXm-bn-cp-óp.- Fsâ skIyq-cn-än-
Hm-^o-kÀ- sIm-ñs¸«p.- Hcp- a{´n-¡pw- Po-h³- \ãs¸«p.-
bYmÀ-Y¯nð- Fsóbpw- Ip-Spw-_s¯bpw- hIhcp-¯m-\m-bn-cp-óp- B{IaWw-
Fóm-Wv- A-t\z-j-W-¡-ao-j-³ I-sï-¯n-b-Xv.- F-sâ- `m-cym-]n-Xm-hv-
B-{I-a-W-¯nð- sIm-ñ-s¸-«p- þ-C-f-b- k-tlm-Z-c-\pw.- A-Xn-{I-a-¯n-\pw-
\m-\m-X-c-¯n-ep-Å- B-{I-a-W-¯n-\pw- F-Xn-cm-bn- \nð-¡p-ó-Xp-sIm-ïm-Wv-
A-hÀ- R-§Ä-¡p-t\-sc- Xn-cn-bp-ó-Xv.-
]t£ Hóv- R§Ä-¡v- ]dbm-\m-hpw.- I-iv-aoÀ- P\X IqSp-Xð- \o-Xn-
AÀ-ln-¡p-óp-sh¦n-epw- B{IaW§sf B{ibn-¡p-óXv- hn-^ew- am-{Xañ,-
hn-\m-iIcw -Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cn-¡pw.- I-iv-aoÀ- {]iv-\s¯ shdp-sam-cp- {Iakam-[m-\
{]iv-\am-bn- Iïp-Iq-Sm- FóXm-Wv- R§fp-sS ]mÀ-Sn-bp-sS hn-ebn-cp-¯ð.-
{]m-tZin-Iam-b t\«§Ä-¡m-bn- AXn-s\ D]tbm-Ks¸Sp-¯p-Ibpacp-Xv.-
I-iv-aoÀ- {]iv-\w- au-en-Iam-bn- Hcp- h³- am-\p-jn-I Zp-c´am-Wv.-
Cu- I®oÀ-¡b§fnð- \n-óp-Å tam-N\¯n-\m-bn- ap-tóm-«p-hbv-¡m-\p-Å
\nÀ-tZi§Ä.-
= \-½p-sS- kzm-X-{´y-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ- ]qÀ-¯o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sm-¯-
e-£y-§-fn-sem-óm-bn- A-h-ti-jn-¡p-I-bm-Wv- Cu- D-]-`q-J-Þ-¯n-se-
k-am-[m-\w.- C-ó-s¯- hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e- km-l-N-cy-§-fp-sS-
]-iv-Nm-¯-e-¯nð,- \-½p-sS- hn-`-h-§-fm-sI- ]m-gm-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wv-þ-
B-bp-[-§Ä-¡pw- sh-Sn-t¡m-¸p-IÄ-¡p-am-bn.- ]-t£- k-Xz-c-{i-²- ]-Xn-tb-ï-
ta-J-e-IÄ- P-\-§-sf-bm-sI- _m-[n-¡p-ó- ]-«n-Wn,- hn-e-¡-b-äw,-
sXm-gn-en-ñm-bv-a,- A-\m-tcm-Kyw- F-ón-h-bm-Wv.- Cu-
{]-iv-\-§-fm-I-s«,- H-«pw- {i-²n-¡-s¸-Sm-sX- t]m-hp-I-bp-am-Wv.-
am-{X-hp-a-ñ,- ]m-In-Øm-\p-am-bp-Å- kw-LÀ-jw- Xp-S-cp-ó-Xv- H-gn-hm-¡m-\m-hm-¯-
km-{am-Py-Xz- C-S-s]-S-en-te-¡m-Wv- \-bn-¡p-I.- Cu- {]-Xn-k-Ôn-
Im-c-W-am-Wv- ]m-In-Øm-\v- A-ta-cn-¡-bnð-\n-óv- h-³ ku-P-\y-§Ä-
e-`n-¡p-ó-Xv.- C-´y-sb-bpw- A-tX- N-Xn-¡p-gn-bn-te-¡v- \-bn-¡p-hm-³
A-ta-cn-¡-¡v- I-gn-bp-ó-Xpw.- A-Xp-sIm-ïp-X-só- I-iv-aoÀ-
{]-iv-\-s¯- H-ä-Xn-cn-¨p- Im-Wm-\m-hn-ñ.- A-Xn-s\- H-cp- {]m-tZ-in-I-
{]-iv-\-am-bn- t\m-¡n-¡m-Wm-\p-am-hn-ñ.- A-Xn-\v- Zq-c-hym-]-I-am-b-
hn-h-£-I-fp-ïv.- a-X-\n-c-t]-£- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-\v- hn-P-bn-¡m-³
B-h-W-sa-¦nð,- P-\-§-fp-sS- a-\-Êpw- lr-Z-b-hpw- I-h-cp-ó- X-c-¯n-ep-Å-
ap-³ssI- D-ïm-th-ï-Xp-ïv.- A-Xn-\p-th-ïn-bp-Å- ]-cn-{i-a-¯n-em-Wv-
sN-dp-sX-¦n-epw- ]-X-dm-sX- s]m-cp-Xp-ó- kn-]n-sF- Fw.-
